Mr Pierre Haas
Title: Mechanics of a Volvox Embryo Turning Itself Inside Out
Deformations of cell sheets are ubiquitous in early animal development, yet they arise from an intricate interplay of cell shape changes, cell migration, cell intercalation, and cell division. We combine theory and experiment to explore what is perhaps the simplest instance of cell sheet folding, the "inversion" process in the green alga Volvox: at the end of cell division, a Volvox embryo consists of several thousand cells arrayed to form a thin spherical sheet, but those cell poles whence will emanate the flagella point into the sphere. In a process hypothesised to arise from cell shape changes alone, the embryos therefore turn themselves inside out to acquire the ability to swim. We have recently acquired the first three-dimensional time-lapse visualisations of this inversion, using light sheet microscopy to reveal the intriguing dynamics of the process. A theoretical model, in which cell shape changes correspond to local variations of intrinsic curvature and stretches of an elastic shell, sheds light on the underlying mechanics of inversion and reproduces the shapes and dynamics of inversion qualitatively.
This is joint work with Stephanie Höhn, Aurelia Honerkamp-Smith, Philipp Khuc Trong and Ray Goldstein.
Prof. Carla Molteni
Title: Can Molecular Simulations Help us Understand how Nerve Cells in the Brain Communicate?
Neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are complex neuroreceptors located in the membrane of nerve cells that control the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. Their malfunction is linked to serious neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, and they are major therapeutic targets; in invertebrates they are involved in insecticide resistance. However, we have little idea of how they function at the molecular level due to their complexity and limited experimental information. In particular it is not clear how the binding of a small molecule (the neurotransmitter) triggers a series of events culminating into the opening (gating) of the transmembrane channel: ions can then flood across the cell membrane modifying the cell activity. State-of-the-art and novel computational techniques are therefore crucial to build an accurate picture at the atomic level of the mechanisms that drive the activation of these ion channels, complementing the available experimental data. We have used a range of simulation techniques, including metadynamics (a method for accelerating rare events and sample free energy landscapes), to explore the mechanisms of neurotransmitter binding and a potential molecular switch for channel gating. As prototypical examples, we have focussed on the insect GABA-activated RDL receptor and on the serotonin-activated 5-HT3 receptor.
Prof. Johnjoe McFadden
TBA